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The Stuarts (1603-1714)

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The Stuarts (1603-l714)


In 1603 there was King Jones I of England. He was the first Stuarts King of England. When he became King he dismissed Parliament and tried to rule without it. His son Charles I shared his father's belief in absolute monarchy but he needed money and Parliament wouldn't support him.


THE COMMONWEALTH: the conflict between Crown and Parliament led to the Civil War between the royalist Cavaliers who supported the King, and the puritans Roundheads who supported by general Cromwell. The House of London was abolisched because it had sited with the King. Britain became a commonwealth or republic with Cromwell as Lord Protector from 1656 to 1658.


THE RESTORATION: in 1660, after Cromwell's death, a new Parliament, whose numbers decided to bring back the Stuart King Charles II and to re-establish the Anglican Church as the official Church of England.


THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: Charles was succeeded by his son James II. In 1668 Parliament offered the Crown to James daughter Mary and her Protestant husband William of Orange. For the first time it was Parliaments that chose the Monarch. This important political change was called the Glorious Revolution. After that William III defended the Catholic forces of James II in Ireland and discrimination against Catholic Irish was intensified. The religious and political problems were settled with the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act. The former limited the King's power and turned Britain into a constitutional monarchy.


THE UNITED KINDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN: Queen Anne was the last of the House of Stuart. During her reign, by the Act of Union, England Wales and Scotland Joined to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by the Parliament in London.


WHIGS AND TORIES: in the late 1670s England's two political parties were formed in the House of Commons, the Tories and the Whigs they were formed by cavaliers and Roundheads. The Tories were the party of the landed aristocracy, and the Whigs were the party rich businessman, merchants and landowners.




SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION: in the 16 century was the birth of modern science based on observation and experiment. Many instruments were invented: telescope, the microscope and the thermometer. Medicine made a big leap forward. The Royal Society, the oldest and most important British scientific organisation, was founded in 1662.


WITCHCRAFT: during this period most people believed in witches. Witches were woman who had magic power. They were said to have received these powers from the devil. More of these woman were tortured.




ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE: English architecture was influenced by the classical architecture of the late Italian Renaissance, particularly by the 16th century Italian master Andrea Palladio. Inigo Jones introduced Palladianism to Britain. The most important monuments are: St. Paul's Cathedral, Hampton Court Palace, Banqueting Hall.


PURITANISM IN ENGLAND: the 17the century was marked by religious conflicts. The three main factions were the Anglicans, of the Church of England, the Catholics, of the Roman Church, and the Puritans who rebelled against the authority of the official Church. Their preaching was based directly on the Bible. Puritans had a very strict moral code. They regarded luxury and frivolity as  wicked, and were against all forms of entertainment. During the Commonwealth, London's theatres were closed, as were shops and pubs. Dancing and singing were banned. People were not allowed to travel on Sunday, except to and from church. Most Puritans belonged to the middle class. Their life was severe. They had a high sense of duty and love of work. Puritans were discriminated and persecuted during the reigns of James I and Charles I , and many are emigrated.








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